FOX (1986)
The WB (1995)
UPN (1995)

New technologies including

• the remote control, video-cassette recorder, and analog cable systems expanded viewers' choice and control;
  
• producers adjusted to government regulations that forced the networks to relinquish some of their control over the terms of program creation;
  
• nascent cable channels and new broadcast networks added to viewers' content choices and eroded the dominance of ABC, CBS, and NBC;
  
• subscription channels launched and introduced an advertising-free form of television programming;
  
• and methods for measuring audiences grew increasingly sophisticated with the deployment of Nielsen's People Meter.
  
  - Lotz, Amanda D. (2007-11-01). The Television Will Be Revolutionized (Kindle Locations 329-334). NYU Press academic. Kindle Edition.
  

Still, broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, The WB, and UPN) collected an average of only 58 percent of those watching television at the conclusion of the 1999– 2000 season, and only 46 percent by the end of the 2004–2005 season.

VCR