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* When was Telegraph invented?
* What about Telephone?
* Radio, Television?
== History of Mass Media ==
1832 :: [[Attachment(MorseMachine.png,align=left,height=172)]] [[Attachment(MorseCode.png,align=left,height=172)]] [[HTML(<font color='red'>)]]Saumuel Morse: telegraphic code [[HTML(</font>)]]
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1876 :: [[Attachment(Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg,align=right,height=152)]] [[HTML(<font color='red'>)]]Alexander Graham Bell, Transmits sound. . . .
>> "Mr. Watson, . . . Come here . . . I want to see you."
The beginning of '''telephone'''
Party Line Phone: A teleophone line was installed as a whole (in the community); then receivers were installed in each home, which means that any one would hear any conversations just by picking up his/her receiver. There was no private conversation. Whose call it was distinguished by right-tone. Also, in order to make a phone call, people need to '''place the call''' to the operator. [[HTML(</font>)]]
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1881 :: World Expo in Paris
[[HTML(<font color='red'>)]]Theatrophone: Telephone technology was initially developed as a medium for music. Hence, Theatre + Telephone. France initiated it at the World Expo in Paris. It was a revolutionary attempt to commercialize the technology. The only problem was telephone line had to be extended. [[HTML(</font>)]]
1885 :: [[HTML(<font color='red'>)]]AT&T [[HTML(</font>)]]
1890 :: [[Attachment(TelephoneOperator03.jpg,align=left,height=172)]] [[Attachment(TelephoneOperator_1952_07.jpg,align=left,height=172)]] [[HTML(<font color='red'>)]]The job, Operator . . . : "Number Please" [[HTML(</font>)]]
[[Youtube(A2iS8XctJKo)]] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2iS8XctJKo
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[[Attachment(Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg.jpg,align=left,height=172)]] Gulielmo Marconi invented wireless telegraph system.
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1891 :: Marconi, acquired GB patent.
1892 :: Marconi, acquired US patent.
1906 :: [[Attachment(deforest-audion.jpg,align=left,height=172)]] Technology of sound amplification (What we are calling ''amp'') invented. A product, [http://www.cedmagic.com/history/deforest-audion.html AUDION] was developed and sold.
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[[Attachment(DeForestLee.jpg,align=left,height=172)]] by [WikiPedia:Lee_De_Forest De Forest Lee]
No regularly, non-regulated broadcastings were everywhere.
Voices for minority also started. (Female suffrage; voting right)
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1912 :: [[Attachment(DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg,align=left,height=172)]] Sink of Titanic and David Sarnoff
D. Sarnoff, an immigrant from Rusia;
He works as operator at Marconi Telegraph in New York;
He was the first person who caught the SOS signal from the Titanic
He works on delivering information from the Titanic to the public (including the newspaper, families, etc.) for 72 straight hours;
Relayed SOS signal to other boats.
Sent information to the public newspapers.
Taft, the President of the US placed an national order to shut down other wireless telegraph attempts just not to interfere the signal.
It was known that about 800 were saved.
Sarnoff became hero of the US.
He was 21. Latter, he takes an important role in RCA company by Marconi.
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[[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]Zworykin, Vladimir U.S., began to experiment on television technology at RCA [[HTML(</font>)]]
1920s :: '''Radio!!! blossom'''
1920 :: Pitzburgh KDKA, US began radio broadcasting
1922 :: GB, France in 1922 began radio broadcasting.
[[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]Farmsworth also experiment on television technology in CA
Acquired patent that year (All electronic television).
In 30s He earned two more patents. [[HTML(</font>)]]
1923 :: German began radio broadcasting.
[[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]Zworkin 특허 (Iconoscope tube)[[HTML(</font>)]]
1925 :: Sarnoff가 RCA에서 라디오 방송국 설립 제안
이전에는 라디오 박스를 팔기 위한 선전 수단으로 방송물을 제작하는 정도
이 때 "독자적인 광고"를 통해서 수익을 올리자는 모델을 제안함
반대의견이 심했음 . . . . ''The wireless message box [radio] has no imaginable commercial value. Who would pay for a message sent to nobody in particular?''
1926 :: NBC (National Broadcasting Corporation) 설립
* 이쯤에 AT&T가 BCA (Broadcasting Corporation of America)를 세워, Telephone line을 이용한 라디오 네트워크 시작 (독점 . . . AT&T 가 전화기술과 망을 모두 가지고 있었기에).
* AT&T telephone line 대여에 소극적으로 대처하면서 radio회사를 콘트롤 하려고 함.
* GE | Westinghouse | RCA 합작으로 독자적인 네트워크를 구성 NBC라고 칭함
* 신문과의 전쟁 (뉴스) 뉴스 소스 = 신문 | 어나운스 부스
1929 :: [[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]Zworykin 특허 (Kinescopy tube)[[HTML(</font>)]]
1930s :: Radio: [[Attachment(Radio_FamilyMedium.png,align=left,height=172)]] 가족 매체로 정착
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1938 :: [[Attachment(Orson_Welles_1937.jpg,align=left,height=172)]] CBS Mercury Theatre on the Air 사건 [wiki:ResearchMethodsLectureNote#s-2.2.1 총알이론 참조]
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1939 :: [[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]세계만국박람회에 TV 등장[[HTML(</font>)]]
1941 :: [[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]1차 [NTSC] 표준 제안됨 (2차 = 53년) [[HTML(</font>)]]
* 1950년대: Video Killed the Radio Star.
* RCA 광고 참조 http://www.youtube.com/watch?gl=KR&hl=ko&v=vBZ3fvZFDBQ
* 텔레비전의 부상으로 라디오 인기 급락, 고전 시작
|| [[Attachment(RCA_Commercial.png,width=290)]] || [[Youtube(vBZ3fvZFDBQ)]] ||
1953 :: [[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]제 2 차 NTSC 표준안 제정 [[HTML(</font>)]]
1956 :: [[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]RCA 한국에 상륙, KORCAD. 곧 망함 [[HTML(</font>)]]
1961 :: [[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]KBS[[HTML(</font>)]]
1964 :: [[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]TBC[[HTML(</font>)]]
1969 :: [[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]MBC[[HTML(</font>)]]
1980 :: [[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]]TBC -> KBS2[[HTML(</font>)]]
1984 :: [[HTML(<font color='red'>)]]AT&T Department of Justic(법무부)에 의해서 8개로 쪼개짐 (반 독점)[[HTML(</font>)]]
방송 :: 방송(라디오/텔레비전의 강력한 영향력에 대한 우려가 지배적이었음)
방송의 효과에 대한 연구는 수 없이 많았어도 전화, 전파 사용의 효과에 관한 연구는 거의 없었던 이유도 여기에 있음
라디오에 비해서 텔레비전의 성장속도는 기하급수적으로 빨랐는데, 그 이유는 라디오의 비지니스모델을 그대로 차용하였으며, 무엇보다도 라디오의 방송권을 획득한 회사가 텔레비전 전파사용 허가도 받았기 때문.
통신 :: 단순한 상업활동의 장으로 평가되었고 그렇게 진행되었음
--> Include(HistoryOfMassMedia) or See [History of Mass Media]
[[HTML(<font color='blue'>)]] [[HTML(</font>)]]
As you may see in the [history of mass media] section. There was a consensual atmosphere about the powerful effects of mass media. This was backed up with the studies from the psychology, a newly emerging academic discipline. By the time, that people blindly witnessed the effect of mass media, psychological studies was also rapidly developing. Specifically, around the time, behaviorism was a big issue. For example,
* 1863 - Ivan Sechenov's Reflexes of the Brain was published. Sechenov introduced the concept of inhibitory responses in the central nervous system.
* 1900 - Ivan '''Pavlov''' began studying the salivary response and other reflexes.
* 1913 - '''John Watson's Psychology as a Behaviorist Views''' It was published. The article outlined the many of the main points of behaviorism.
* 1920 - Watson and assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted the famous '''[Little Albert experiment]'''.
* 1943 - Clark Hull's Principles of Behavior was published.
* 1948 - B.F. Skinner published Walden II in which he described a utopian society founded upon behaviorist principles.
* 1959 - Noam Chomsky published his criticism of Skinner's behaviorism, "Review of Verbal Behavior."
* 1971 - B.F. Skinner published his book Beyond Freedom and Dignity, where he argues that free will is an illusion.
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